求 x² − 13·x^(2/4) 對 x 的不定積分。
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∫(x2−13x2/4)dx\int \left(x^2 - 13x^{2/4}\right)dx∫(x2−13x2/4)dx
先把指數約到最簡。 24=12\tfrac{2}{4} = \tfrac1242=21,所以 x2/4=x1/2=xx^{2/4} = x^{1/2} = \sqrt{x}x2/4=x1/2=x,被積函數就是
x2−13xx^2 - 13\sqrt{x}x2−13x
不約分倒也不算錯,只是會讓下一步算 n+1n+1n+1 時白白多費周折。
用線性性質把積分拆開。
∫(x2−13x1/2)dx=∫x2 dx−13∫x1/2 dx\int \left(x^2 - 13x^{1/2}\right)dx = \int x^2\,dx - 13\int x^{1/2}\,dx∫(x2−13x1/2)dx=∫x2dx−13∫x1/2dx
對每一項套用冪次法則。 用 ∫xndx=xn+1n+1+C\int x^n dx = \tfrac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C∫xndx=n+1xn+1+C(兩個指數都不是 −1-1−1,所以適用):
∫x2 dx=x33,∫x1/2 dx=x3/23/2=23x3/2\int x^2\,dx = \frac{x^3}{3}, \qquad \int x^{1/2}\,dx = \frac{x^{3/2}}{3/2} = \frac{2}{3}x^{3/2}∫x2dx=3x3,∫x1/2dx=3/2x3/2=32x3/2
把係數乘進去。
−13⋅23x3/2=−263x3/2-13 \cdot \frac{2}{3}x^{3/2} = -\frac{26}{3}x^{3/2}−13⋅32x3/2=−326x3/2
拼出答案。
∫(x2−13x)dx=x33−263x3/2+C\int \left(x^2 - 13\sqrt{x}\right)dx = \frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{26}{3}x^{3/2} + C∫(x2−13x)dx=3x3−326x3/2+C
求導檢驗。 ddx(x33)=x2\tfrac{d}{dx}\left(\tfrac{x^3}{3}\right) = x^2dxd(3x3)=x2,ddx(−263x3/2)=−263⋅32x1/2=−13x\tfrac{d}{dx}\left(-\tfrac{26}{3}x^{3/2}\right) = -\tfrac{26}{3}\cdot\tfrac32 x^{1/2} = -13\sqrt{x}dxd(−326x3/2)=−326⋅23x1/2=−13x。導數恰好回到被積函數。另外注意定義域:x\sqrt{x}x 要求 x≥0x \ge 0x≥0。
x33−263x3/2+C\frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{26}{3}x^{3/2} + C3x3−326x3/2+C
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