trigonometry

三角恆等式生存包

你真正需要的最小三角恆等式集合——畢氏恆等式、和差、倍角、半角——並配速查表與簡短證明。
AI-Math Editorial Team

By AI-Math Editorial Team

Published 2026-05-01

三角恆等式有幾十個,但實際上你只需要記住十來個——其餘的都能在幾秒鐘內從它們推導出來。本頁就是這份生存包:每一個真正值得記的恆等式,都配有一個簡短的解題範例。

畢氏三件套

sin2θ+cos2θ=1\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1
1+tan2θ=sec2θ1 + \tan^2\theta = \sec^2\theta
1+cot2θ=csc2θ1 + \cot^2\theta = \csc^2\theta

第一個是整個數學中使用頻率最高的恆等式。另外兩個是透過兩邊同除 cos2\cos^2sin2\sin^2 得到的。

和差公式

sin(α±β)=sinαcosβ±cosαsinβ\sin(\alpha \pm \beta) = \sin\alpha \cos\beta \pm \cos\alpha \sin\beta
cos(α±β)=cosαcosβsinαsinβ\cos(\alpha \pm \beta) = \cos\alpha \cos\beta \mp \sin\alpha \sin\beta

cos 的口訣:「cos cos 減 sin sin」,符號相反——sin 是「sin cos 加 cos sin」,符號相同

倍角公式

α=β=θ\alpha = \beta = \theta 代入和公式:

sin(2θ)=2sinθcosθ\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta \cos\theta
cos(2θ)=cos2θsin2θ=12sin2θ=2cos2θ1\cos(2\theta) = \cos^2\theta - \sin^2\theta = 1 - 2\sin^2\theta = 2\cos^2\theta - 1
tan(2θ)=2tanθ1tan2θ\tan(2\theta) = \frac{2\tan\theta}{1 - \tan^2\theta}

由於畢氏恆等式,餘弦版本存在三種形式。挑選與你算式其餘部分相匹配的那一種。

半角公式

把餘弦倍角公式對 sin2\sin^2cos2\cos^2 求解,得到:

sin2θ=1cos(2θ)2,cos2θ=1+cos(2θ)2\sin^2\theta = \frac{1 - \cos(2\theta)}{2}, \quad \cos^2\theta = \frac{1 + \cos(2\theta)}{2}

這些是降冪恆等式——正是它們讓 sin2xdx\int \sin^2 x \, dx 變得初等可解。

解題範例:化簡

化簡 sin(2x)1+cos(2x)\frac{\sin(2x)}{1 + \cos(2x)}

  1. 分子:sin(2x)=2sinxcosx\sin(2x) = 2\sin x \cos x
  2. 分母:1+cos(2x)=1+(2cos2x1)=2cos2x1 + \cos(2x) = 1 + (2\cos^2 x - 1) = 2\cos^2 x
  3. 商:2sinxcosx2cos2x=sinxcosx=tanx\frac{2\sin x \cos x}{2\cos^2 x} = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} = \tan x

整個看起來雜亂的算式坍縮為 tanx\tan x

常見錯誤

  • 和公式中的符號錯誤——把公式完整寫出來,不要在解題途中靠記憶。
  • sin2θ\sin^2\theta 表示 (sinθ)2(\sin\theta)^2而不是 sin(sinθ)\sin(\sin\theta)
  • 忘記 2θ2\theta 是角度,而不是值的 2 倍——sin(230°)=sin60°\sin(2 \cdot 30°) = \sin 60°,而不是 2sin30°2\sin 30°

用 AI 三角函數求解器試試

三角函數求解器接受任意算式,並應用所有這些恆等式來化簡或求解。

相關參考:

Frequently Asked Questions

The Pythagorean identities are most fundamental: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ, 1 + cot²θ = csc²θ. Also critical are the double-angle formulas (sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ, cos 2θ = cos²θ − sin²θ) and angle addition formulas.

Work on one side only (typically the more complex side), applying known identities to simplify until it matches the other side. Never move terms across the equals sign — treat the proof as simplification, not equation solving.

Use identities to simplify integrals (especially for powers of sin and cos), to solve trig equations by reducing to a single trig function, and to convert between equivalent forms. Recognizing 1 − sin²θ = cos²θ in disguise is a key skill.

AI-Math Editorial Team

By AI-Math Editorial Team

Published 2026-05-01

A small team of engineers, mathematicians, and educators behind AI-Math, focused on making step-by-step math help accessible to every student.