对 f(x) = 7/(3x - 1),求差商 (f(x+h) - f(x))/h 并化简。
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对 f(x)=73x−1f(x) = \dfrac{7}{3x-1}f(x)=3x−17,求差商
f(x+h)−f(x)h,h≠0\frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}, \qquad h \ne 0hf(x+h)−f(x),h=0
并化简。
写出 f(x + h)。 只需把代入做在分母上:
f(x+h)=73(x+h)−1=73x+3h−1f(x+h) = \frac{7}{3(x+h)-1} = \frac{7}{3x+3h-1}f(x+h)=3(x+h)−17=3x+3h−17
把繁分数的形式列出来。
f(x+h)−f(x)h=1h(73x+3h−1−73x−1)\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h} = \frac{1}{h}\left(\frac{7}{3x+3h-1} - \frac{7}{3x-1}\right)hf(x+h)−f(x)=h1(3x+3h−17−3x−17)
关键在于先把括号里的差通分,再去除以 hhh;否则什么都约不掉。
通分合并。
7(3x−1)−7(3x+3h−1)(3x+3h−1)(3x−1)\frac{7(3x-1) - 7(3x+3h-1)}{(3x+3h-1)(3x-1)}(3x+3h−1)(3x−1)7(3x−1)−7(3x+3h−1)
分子展开为 21x−7−21x−21h+7=−21h21x - 7 - 21x - 21h + 7 = -21h21x−7−21x−21h+7=−21h —— 除了 −21h-21h−21h 之外每一项都消掉了,这正是这一步操作的全部意义。
除以 h 并约分。
−21hh (3x+3h−1)(3x−1)=−21(3x+3h−1)(3x−1)\frac{-21h}{h\,(3x+3h-1)(3x-1)} = \frac{-21}{(3x+3h-1)(3x-1)}h(3x+3h−1)(3x−1)−21h=(3x+3h−1)(3x−1)−21
验证并取极限。 取 x=1.3x = 1.3x=1.3、h=0.07h = 0.07h=0.07:直接算差商得 −2.3284178-2.3284178−2.3284178,公式给出 −21(3.11)(2.9)=−2.3284178\tfrac{-21}{(3.11)(2.9)} = -2.3284178(3.11)(2.9)−21=−2.3284178。当 h→0h \to 0h→0 时该式趋于 −21(3x−1)2\tfrac{-21}{(3x-1)^2}(3x−1)2−21,这确实就是 ddx73x−1\tfrac{d}{dx}\tfrac{7}{3x-1}dxd3x−17。
−21(3x+3h−1)(3x−1)\frac{-21}{(3x+3h-1)(3x-1)}(3x+3h−1)(3x−1)−21
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