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Algebra · real student question

Solve the inequality (x - 2)^3 (x - 4)^4 (x - 5)^3 (x - 10)^6 <= 0.

Question

Solve

(x−2)3(x−4)4(x−5)3(x−10)6≤0.(x-2)^{3}(x-4)^{4}(x-5)^{3}(x-10)^{6}\le 0.

Step-by-step solution

  1. List the zeros and their multiplicities. The product vanishes exactly at

    x=2 (mult. 3),x=4 (mult. 4),x=5 (mult. 3),x=10 (mult. 6).x=2\ (\text{mult. }3),\quad x=4\ (\text{mult. }4),\quad x=5\ (\text{mult. }3),\quad x=10\ (\text{mult. }6).

    Because the inequality is ≤\le rather than <<, every one of these four points is automatically a solution — a detail that turns out to matter a lot at x=10x=10.

  2. Use parity of the exponents to shrink the problem. An even power is never negative, so (x−4)4(x-4)^{4} and (x−10)6(x-10)^{6} are ≥0\ge 0 everywhere and cannot flip the sign anywhere. Away from the zeros, the sign of the whole product is therefore the sign of

    (x−2)3(x−5)3,(x-2)^{3}(x-5)^{3},

    which in turn has the same sign as (x−2)(x−5)(x-2)(x-5) since cubing preserves sign.

  3. Read the sign of (x−2)(x−5)(x-2)(x-5). This upward parabola is negative strictly between its roots and positive outside:

    (x−2)(x−5)<0  ⟺  2<x<5.(x-2)(x-5)<0\iff 2<x<5.

    So the product is negative on (2,5)(2,5) — except that at x=4x=4 it is zero, which still satisfies ≤0\le 0, so nothing is lost there — and positive on (−∞,2)∪(5,10)∪(10,∞)(-\infty,2)\cup(5,10)\cup(10,\infty).

  4. Assemble the solution set, including the isolated point. Combining the negative interval with all four zeros:

    [2,5]∪{10}.[2,5]\cup\{10\}.

    The point x=10x=10 is isolated: on both sides of it the product is strictly positive (it is a sixth power multiplied by positive factors), yet at x=10x=10 itself the product equals 00, which the ≤\le admits. Dropping this point is the single most common error on this type of question.

  5. Verify with sample values. x=0x=0: (−8)(256)(−125)(106)>0(-8)(256)(-125)(10^{6})>0, excluded ✓. x=3x=3: (1)(1)(−8)(…)=−941192<0(1)(1)(-8)(\ldots)=-941192<0, included ✓. x=4.5x=4.5: ≈−3379<0\approx-3379<0, included ✓. x=6x=6: +4194304>0+4194304>0, excluded ✓. x=9x=9: +13720000>0+13720000>0, excluded ✓. x=10x=10: exactly 00, included ✓. x=11x=11: +378071064>0+378071064>0, excluded ✓.

Answer

x∈[2, 5]∪{10}x\in[2,\,5]\cup\{10\}

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