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Calculus · real student question

Sketch f(x) = -2x^2 * e^x from x = -7 to x = 0, identifying the critical points, inflection points and range.

Question

Sketch

f(x)=−2x2exf(x)=-2x^2e^{x}

on the interval [−7,0][-7,0], identifying its critical points, inflection points and range.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Read the sign and the endpoints first. Since x2≥0x^2\ge 0 and ex>0e^x>0 always, the factor −2-2 forces

    f(x)≤0for all x,f(x)=0 only at x=0f(x)\le 0\quad\text{for all }x,\qquad f(x)=0\text{ only at }x=0

    At the left endpoint f(−7)=−98e−7≈−0.0894f(-7)=-98e^{-7}\approx -0.0894, so the curve starts just below the axis — the exponential has already crushed the x2x^2 growth.

  2. Differentiate with the product rule.

    f′(x)=−2(2xex+x2ex)=−2xex(x+2)f^{\prime}(x)=-2\left(2xe^{x}+x^{2}e^{x}\right)=-2xe^{x}(x+2)

    so the critical points are x=0x=0 and x=−2x=-2; the factor exe^x never vanishes.

  3. Determine the direction of travel on each piece. For x<−2x<-2 both xx and x+2x+2 are negative, so their product is positive and f′<0f^{\prime}<0: the curve falls. For −2<x<0-2<x<0 the product is negative, so f′>0f^{\prime}>0: the curve rises. Hence

    x=−2 is a local minimum,f(−2)=−2(4)e−2=−8e2≈−1.0827x=-2\ \text{is a local minimum},\qquad f(-2)=-2(4)e^{-2}=-\frac{8}{e^{2}}\approx -1.0827

    and x=0x=0 is the maximum on this interval, with f(0)=0f(0)=0.

  4. Find the inflection points from the second derivative.

    f′′(x)=−2ex(x2+4x+2)f^{\prime\prime}(x)=-2e^{x}\left(x^{2}+4x+2\right)

    x2+4x+2=0  ⟹  x=−2±2≈−3.4142, −0.5858x^{2}+4x+2=0\;\Longrightarrow\;x=-2\pm\sqrt2\approx -3.4142,\ -0.5858

    with f(−3.4142)≈−0.7671f(-3.4142)\approx -0.7671 and f(−0.5858)≈−0.3820f(-0.5858)\approx -0.3820. The curve is concave up between them and concave down outside.

  5. Assemble the sketch and state the range. On [−7,0][-7,0] the graph starts near −0.089-0.089, descends to the trough (−2, −8e−2)\left(-2,\,-8e^{-2}\right), then climbs back to touch the origin from below, flattening as it arrives because f′(0)=0f^{\prime}(0)=0. The range is therefore

    [−8e2, 0]≈[−1.0827, 0]\left[-\frac{8}{e^{2}},\,0\right]\approx[-1.0827,\,0]

    A quick numeric check confirms the shape: f(−7)=−0.0894f(-7)=-0.0894, f(−3.4142)=−0.7671f(-3.4142)=-0.7671, f(−2)=−1.0827f(-2)=-1.0827, f(−0.5858)=−0.3820f(-0.5858)=-0.3820, f(0)=0  ✓f(0)=0\;\checkmark.

Answer

Minimum (−2, −8e−2≈−1.0827); inflections at x=−2±2; range[−8e−2, 0]\text{Minimum }\left(-2,\,-8e^{-2}\approx-1.0827\right);\ \text{inflections at }x=-2\pm\sqrt2;\ \text{range}\left[-8e^{-2},\,0\right]

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