2D shapes — perimeter & area
Square
All four sides equal.
Rectangle
Length × width.
Triangle (general)
Base × height ÷ 2.
Triangle (Heron's)
Area from three sides only — useful when no height is given.
Parallelogram
Same as rectangle (slanting doesn't change area).
Trapezoid
Average of parallel sides × height.
Circle
Circumference and area from radius.
Regular polygon (n sides)
= perimeter, = apothem (center-to-side distance).
3D shapes — volume
Cube
Side cubed.
Rectangular prism
Box volume.
Cylinder
Circle area × height.
Cone
One-third of cylinder with same base + height.
Sphere
The famous "four-thirds pi r-cubed."
Pyramid (square base)
Same one-third rule as cone.
3D shapes — surface area
Cube
Six identical faces.
Rectangular prism
Two of each face type.
Cylinder
Two circular ends + side wall.
Sphere
Exactly four times a circle of same radius.
Cone
Base + slanted side; is slant height.
Right triangle / Pythagorean
Pythagorean theorem
Right triangle: legs ; hypotenuse .
Distance formula
Pythagorean theorem applied to coordinates.
Special right triangles
Side ratios you can quote without calculation.
Special right triangles
Isosceles right triangle.
Angles & circles
Sum of triangle angles
Always.
Sum of polygon angles
-sided convex polygon.
Inscribed angle
Inscribed angle = half the central angle subtending the same arc.
Arc length
Radians. Length of arc on circle of radius .
Sector area
Slice of pie. Radians.
Coordinate geometry
Midpoint
Average of coordinates.
Slope between two points
Rise over run.
Circle equation
Center , radius .