Related rates problems find how fast one quantity changes given the rate of change of a related quantity. They use implicit differentiation with respect to time t, so every variable's derivative carries a "d/dt" factor through the chain rule.
(1) Draw and label a diagram; (2) write an equation relating the quantities; (3) differentiate both sides with respect to t; (4) substitute the known values and rates; (5) solve for the unknown rate.
The most common mistake is substituting specific values for variables before differentiating — you must differentiate first and substitute after. Also watch for forgetting the chain rule factor (e.g., d(r²)/dt = 2r · dr/dt, not just 2r).