The Pythagorean theorem states a² + b² = c², where a and b are the legs of a right triangle and c is the hypotenuse. It applies only to right triangles — triangles that contain a 90-degree angle.
Pythagorean triples are sets of three positive integers (a, b, c) satisfying a² + b² = c². Common examples are 3-4-5, 5-12-13, 8-15-17, and 7-24-25. Any positive integer multiple of a Pythagorean triple is also a triple.
It is used in construction to verify square corners, in navigation to calculate straight-line distances, in computer graphics to find pixel distances, and in physics to resolve vectors. The coordinate distance formula d = √((x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²) is a direct application.