Algebra · real student question

Solve 0 = 0.7x + 6.804e-10 * x^4 - 1210.23 for all real x.

Question

Solve

0=0.7x+6.804×1010x41210.230=0.7x+6.804\times10^{-10}x^{4}-1210.23

for all real xx.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Write the quartic in standard form. Reordering by degree,

    6.804×1010x4+0.7x1210.23=0.6.804\times10^{-10}\,x^{4}+0.7x-1210.23=0.

    There are no x3x^{3} or x2x^{2} terms, but that does not make the equation solvable by substitution — the odd x1x^{1} term rules out a biquadratic reduction.

  2. Resist the temptation to drop the quartic term. Because 6.804×10106.804\times10^{-10} looks negligible it is tempting to solve 0.7x=1210.230.7x=1210.23 and quote x1728.9x\approx 1728.9. That is wrong: at x=1728.9x=1728.9 the quartic term equals

    6.804×1010×(1728.9)46079,6.804\times10^{-10}\times(1728.9)^{4}\approx 6079,

    which is five times the constant 1210.231210.23, not a small correction. A small coefficient is not a small term once xx is large — the crossover here is around x1000x\approx 1000, well below the naive estimate.

  3. Bracket the roots by sampling. Evaluating f(x)=6.804×1010x4+0.7x1210.23f(x)=6.804\times10^{-10}x^{4}+0.7x-1210.23:

    f(0)=1210.23,f(500)=817.71,f(1000)=+170.17,f(1500)=+3284.30.f(0)=-1210.23,\quad f(500)=-817.71,\quad f(1000)=+170.17,\quad f(1500)=+3284.30.

    So a root lies in (500,1000)(500,1000). Sweeping across [5000,5000][-5000,5000] finds exactly two sign changes: one near 947947 and one near 1332-1332 — the quartic has two real roots and two complex ones.

  4. Bisect each bracket. Halving repeatedly until f<106|f|<10^{-6}:

    x+947.035581,x1332.142808.x_{+}\approx 947.035581,\qquad x_{-}\approx-1332.142808.

    Newton's method from x0=1000x_{0}=1000 converges to the same positive value in three iterations, using f(x)=2.7216×109x3+0.7f'(x)=2.7216\times10^{-9}x^{3}+0.7.

  5. Substitute both back. At x=947.035581x=947.035581: the quartic term is 547.31547.31 and the linear term is 662.92662.92, summing with 1210.23-1210.23 to 3×107\approx-3\times10^{-7} ✓. At x=1332.142808x=-1332.142808: the quartic term is 2142.732142.73 and the linear term is 932.50-932.50, again cancelling the constant ✓. Note how both terms are comparable in size at the true roots — the opposite of the assumption that produced 1728.91728.9.

Answer

x947.035581andx1332.142808x\approx 947.035581\quad\text{and}\quad x\approx -1332.142808

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