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Algebra · real student question

Solve the quartic 0.0395m^4 - 1.0636m^3 + 8.1435m^2 - 11.8308m - 17.026 = 0.

Question

Solve for mm:

0.0395m4−1.0636m3+8.1435m2−11.8308m−17.026=00.0395m^4-1.0636m^3+8.1435m^2-11.8308m-17.026=0

Step-by-step solution

  1. Estimate where the roots can live before searching. Cauchy's bound says every root satisfies ∣m∣≤1+max⁡∣ak∣/∣a4∣=1+17.026/0.0395≈432|m|\le 1+\max|a_k|/|a_4|=1+17.026/0.0395\approx 432. That is loose, but the tiny leading coefficient is the warning sign: dividing through by 0.03950.0395 gives m4−26.927m3+206.16m2−299.51m−431.04m^4-26.927m^3+206.16m^2-299.51m-431.04, so the roots sum to about 26.926.9 and are spread over a wide range.

  2. Scan for sign changes on a grid. Evaluating f(m)f(m) at steps of 0.10.1 from −3-3 to 6060 gives sign flips in (−0.9,−0.8)(-0.9,-0.8), (3.3,3.4)(3.3,3.4), (11.1,11.2)(11.1,11.2) and (13.3,13.4)(13.3,13.4). Four sign changes for a quartic means four real roots — there is no room left for a complex pair, since complex roots come in pairs and only four roots exist in total.

  3. Bisect each bracket to full precision.

    m1=−0.86460205,m2=3.37179569,m3=11.10472698,m4=13.31466166m_1=-0.86460205,\quad m_2=3.37179569,\quad m_3=11.10472698,\quad m_4=13.31466166

    Each was refined until the residual ∣f(m)∣|f(m)| fell below 10−1210^{-12}.

  4. Cross-check with Vieta's formulas. For a4m4+⋯+a0a_4m^4+\cdots+a_0, the roots sum to −a3/a4=1.0636/0.0395=26.92658228-a_3/a_4=1.0636/0.0395=26.92658228 and multiply to a0/a4=−17.026/0.0395=−431.03797468a_0/a_4=-17.026/0.0395=-431.03797468. The four computed roots sum to 26.9265822826.92658228 ✓ and multiply to −431.03797468-431.03797468 ✓ — both to ten significant figures, so no root is spurious or missing.

  5. Reject the values that fail substitution. A commonly circulated answer gives m≈−0.9365m\approx-0.9365 and m≈3.3065m\approx3.3065 with a complex pair 12.2798±19.2988i12.2798\pm19.2988i. Substituting: f(−0.9365)=+2.0996f(-0.9365)=+2.0996 and f(3.3065)=−0.8396f(3.3065)=-0.8396, neither of which is zero, and the claimed complex pair would push the root sum to 26.9326.93 only by coincidence. The correct answer is four real roots.

Answer

m≈−0.86460205,m≈3.37179569,m≈11.10472698,m≈13.31466166m\approx-0.86460205,\quad m\approx3.37179569,\quad m\approx11.10472698,\quad m\approx13.31466166

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